Fire Code

The requirements in this chapter shall be read in conjunction with other requirements relevant to the installations stipulated in Chapter 1 to 9 of this Code. Where there are conflicting requirements between this chapter and the preceding chapters, the requirements stipulated in this chapter shall take precedence.

1. The section stipulates the fire safety requirements for the commercial, industrial and residential premises with eating outlets, eating places, canteens, restaurants and other eateries which use LPG for cooking purposes. It is also intended for industrial applications involving hot works.

2. All LPG cylinder installations shall be located outdoors and on the ground levels for all commercial and industrial buildings. Locating LPG cylinders indoor is normally not permitted, unless otherwise approved by the SCDF under special circumstances (see Annex 10.1B).

3. A maximum of 30kg (2 x 15kg cylinders) is permitted to be installed or stored within private dwelling unit for domestic use.

4. NFPA 54 and NFPA 58 shall be referred to for requirements not effected or covered under this chapter.

5. LPG plans shall include the following items:

   1. LPG’s storage and manifold system.

   2. Location and site plans.

   3. Schematic diagrams of the LPG supply system showing change-over valve, vaporiser, regulator, emergency shut-off valve, remote cut-off device, knock-out pot, pipe entry and all other required safety features.

   4. Plan and elevation views showing the following details:

      1. Location, quantity and capacity (in kg) of LPG cylinders.

      2. Locations of ancillary fixtures and fittings, e.g. vaporisers, regulators, emergency shut-off valves, change-over valves, remote cut-off devices, knock-out pots, pipe entries, droppers, etc.

      3. Housing for the LPG cylinders, e.g. cabinets, fencing, compartment wall, etc.

      4. All openings (doors, air intakes, windows, drains, manholes, etc.) and exits adjacent to the LPG installation.

      5. Locations of hydrant, access way, access road, car parking area, building and boundary lines, source of ignition, etc.

      6. Fire safety provisions, e.g., fire hose reel, fire extinguisher, sprinkler protection (if any), gas leak detector (if any), etc.

   5. The following factors shall be taken into consideration when deciding on the practicality and reasonableness to use LPG:

      1. adequacy of ventilation;

      2. extent of usage of individual rooms;

      3. existing fire hazard;

      4. suitable means of escape; and

      5. firefighting equipment and provisions.

1. Codes of practice and standards

   All cylinders and their ancillary fittings shall be designed, fabricated and tested in accordance with the accepted Code or Standard as stated in Annex 10.1A.

2. Fire stopping

   All pipes penetrating fire wall or floor slab shall be fire-stopped appropriately.

3. Pressure

   No liquid LPG or LPG vapour at pressure exceeding 20psi (approximately 138kPa) shall be piped into any building.

4. Fire extinguisher

   The LPG installation shall be provided with at least one approved portable B:C rating dry chemical fire extinguisher having a minimum capacity of 9kg.

5.  Warning sign/notice

   Warning signs/notices as shown in Diagram 10.1.2e. shall be provided.

   

1. Siting of LPG cylinders

   LPG cylinders shall be located in accordance with the following requirements:

   1. LPG cylinders shall be placed on a firm, clean, dry and level base. They shall be sited at ground level and a well-ventilated area where any gas leakage can safely and rapidly disperse. They shall not be placed close to any passageways or exits and shall not cause any obstruction or danger to the occupants during gas leakage or fire.

   2. LPG cylinders shall not be located within 3m of any fire exit route of a building having only one exit. If the 3m distance cannot be complied with, a 2-hr fire-rated masonry wall of at least 1.8m high shall be provided between the fire exit and the LPG installation so as to achieve the equivalent 3m horizontal distance.

   3. LPG cylinders shall be located at least 1.5m horizontally away from any openings (windows, doors, air vents, balanced-flue outlets, etc.) of the building having more than one exit. If the 1.5m distance cannot be complied, a 2-hr fire-rated masonry wall of at least 1.8m high shall be provided between the openings and the installation so as to maintain a 1.5m horizontal distance.

   4. A minimum distance of 3m shall be maintained between the edge of a vehicle parking lot.

   5. LPG cylinders shall be located at least 5m horizontally from any mechanical air intake which is below any part of the manifold system and 1.5m from any mechanical intake which is above any part of the manifold system.

   6. LPG cylinders can be installed below windows or openings provided that there is a minimum distance of 150mm between the top of any cylinder or the manifold system and the bottom of the windows or openings.

   7. LPG cylinders of total capacity up to 600kg shall be located at least 1.5m from any uncovered opening that is below the level of the cylinders, such as drains, pits, openings to basements, etc.. For LPG cylinders having total capacity above 600kg, the distance from any uncovered opening shall be at least 3m.

   8. LPG cylinders shall be located at least 3m away from any boundary and any fire engine accessway.

   9. LPG cylinders shall be located at least 10m away from any fire hydrant.

2. Protection for LPG cylinder installation

   LPG cylinder installations shall be protected in accordance with the following requirements:

   1. LPG cylinders located in places accessible to the public shall be protected and locked against tampering and accidental damage by fencing of height not less than 1.8m, a suitable housing or a cabinet made of non-combustible material; and

   2. there shall not be any corrosive, toxic or oxidizing materials located within 6 meters from the cylinder installation.

3. Safety provisions

   The following safety provisions shall be adhered to for LPG cylinder installations:

   1. For kitchen provided with fixed fire suppression system, activation of the system shall automatically shut off the supply of LPG to the kitchen.

   2. Remote emergency shut-off valve shall be located at least 3m away from the edge of the installation. It shall be clearly marked and placed at a suitable height for easy access during emergencies. (see Diagram 10.1.3d.(1) and  10.1.3d.(2)).

   3. There shall be no ignition source within 3m from the cylinder installation.

   4. All fixed electrical equipment within 1.5m of the installation shall be spark-proof and intrinsically safe in accordance with the relevant clause in SS 254.

   5. Vaporisers shall not be installed inside the steel cabinet or within the same housing of the LPG cylinders. Wall-mounted vaporisers shall be located at least 1.8m above the ground and 600mm away from any LPG cylinder.

   6. The distance between two separate manifold systems shall be at least 3m. If a 2-hr fire-rated wall is constructed, the distance between the two nearest cylinders can be halved.

4. Allowable quantities

   1. Eating outlets

      LPG cylinder installation (for eating outlets) with capacity up to a maximum of 600kg by weight attached to a single manifold system installed adjacent to a building is allowed provided that the following requirements are fully complied with. See  Diagram 10.1.3d.(1) and  Table 10.1A:

      1. a maximum of two steel cabinets is allowed for each installation, and each cabinet is allowed to house a maximum of 6 x 50kg LPG cylinders;

      2. the separation distance between the two cabinets shall be at least 600mm;

      3. the building is of non-combustible construction and the wall has a rating of at least 2-hr fire resistance; and

      4. the maximum number of LPG manifold systems shall not exceed two per building.

      

   2. Industry buildings

      LPG cylinder installation of capacity exceeding 600kg to a maximum of 1000kg by weight attached to a single manifold system can be used for industrial applications only, provided that the following requirements are fully complied with. See  Diagram 10.1.3d.(2) and Table 10.1A:

      1. a maximum of two steel cabinets is allowed for each installation and each cabinet is allowed to house a maximum of 10 x 50kg LPG cylinders; and

      2. a wall of at least 2-hr fire resistance rating or a spacing of 3m shall be provided to separate the LPG cylinders into two groups of maximum 10 x 50kg per group.

      

1. Location

   1. LPG cylinder installation shall be properly located so as not to cause any obstruction to the fire escape and any danger to the public. Suitable access to the cylinder for emergency services shall be provided.

   2. The edge of the installation shall be at least 3m from any boundary or any fire engine accessway.

2. Safety provisions

   1. The location of the gas leak detector shall not be more than 300mm above the ground level and not more than 4m away from the edge of the installation and the point of consumption.

   2. Remote emergency shut-off valve shall not be installed inside the compartment and shall be at least 1.5m away from the edge of the installation. It shall be clearly marked and at a suitable height to access during emergencies.

   3. Fixed fire suppression system, if installed, shall be linked to the LPG cylinder installation in such a way that activation of the system shall automatically shut off the supply of LPG to the kitchen.

   4. Vaporisers (where applicable) shall not be installed inside the compartment or within the same housing of the LPG cylinders.

   5. The compartment shall only be used for LPG cylinder installation. No other usage is allowed.

   6. The floor of the compartment shall be a smooth concrete base containing no opening or drain where vapour can accumulate and shall be level or slope down towards the ventilated external wall.

   7. A ramp or sill of 250mm high shall be provided across the doorway (where applicable) into the compartment where LPG cylinders are installed to contain any heavy LPG vapour within the compartment.

   8. All electrical connections and appliances shall be installed in accordance with the relevant clauses in SS 254.

3. LPG cylinder installation in separate compartment

   LPG cylinders are allowed to be installed in a separate compartment on the ground floor, provided that the following requirements are complied with. See Diagram 10.1.4c. and  Table 10.1B:

   1. Allowable quantity

      1. A maximum of 400kg of LPG is allowed to be installed using a single manifold system inside a compartment. The quantity of cylinder is restricted to 8, regardless of the capacity of each cylinder (e.g. 2 groups of 4 x 50kg cylinders or 2 groups of 4 x 15kg cylinders).

      2. The area or compartment in which the LPG cylinders are installed shall be sprinkler-protected. If the compartment is not sprinkler-protected, the quantity of LPG shall be halved (i.e., 200kg).

      3. For commercial premises, the maximum number of LPG manifold system shall not exceed two per building.

   2. Compartment

      1. The compartment shall have at least one external wall and there shall be no access from the compartment into the building.

      2. Walls common to the compartment and the internal spaces of the building shall be 2-hr fire-rated and shall be of masonry construction.

      3. Each compartment shall contain only one LPG manifold system.

   3. Ventilation

      1. Doors shall have high and low level louvers and shall be opened outwards.

      2. Natural ventilation is allowed if the total length of the compartment external wall is not less than 6m and the distance between the external wall and its opposite wall is not more than 3m. Otherwise, mechanical ventilation shall be provided.

      3. High and low vents shall be provided on the external wall at just below ceiling level and above floor level. The total free area of the vents provided shall be at least 300cm²/m² of floor area.

      4. The vent openings shall be kept free from obstruction and shall not discharge directly onto a public place, e.g. a pavement or path. It shall not be less than 5m from any air intake openings and shall be at least 1.5m horizontally away from any building opening which is below the vent opening level.

      5. Where mechanical ventilation is used, air circulation shall be at least 0.3m³/min.m² of floor area. Discharge outlets shall be at least 1.5m horizontally away from any building opening which is located below the discharge level.

   

4. LPG cylinder installation in recessed area

   Building recess used for housing LPG cylinder installation shall comply with the following requirements. See Diagram 10.1.4d. and  Table 10.1B:

   1. Design

      1. The maximum depth of the recess shall be not more than 1m deep.

      2. The floor, ceiling and the dividing walls between the recess and the internal spaces of the building shall be brick, concrete or other non-combustible materials shall have a fire resistance rating of not less than 2 hours.

      3. Access to the recess shall only be from the external of the building.

   2. Location

      1. The recess shall be at ground floor and shall be for the exclusive use of housing LPG cylinders.

      2. The recess shall not be located within 3m of any fire exit route from a building that has only one designated means of exit. If the 3m distance cannot be complied with, a 2-hr fire-rated masonry wall shall be provided between the fire exit and the installation so as to achieve the 3m horizontal distance.

      3. The recess shall be located at least 1.5m from any horizontal openings (windows, doors, air vents, balanced-flue outlets, etc.) of the building having more than one designated means of escape, measured horizontally from the nearest LPG cylinder. If the 1.5m distance cannot be complied with, a 2-hr fire-rated masonry wall shall be provided between the openings and the installation so as to achieve the 1.5m horizontal distance.

      4. The recess shall be located at least 3m from ignition source.

      5. minimum horizontal distance of 3m shall be maintained between the nearest edge of a vehicle parking lot to the recessed area.

      6. Recessed area located below windows or openings shall maintain a minimum distance of 150mm between the top of the recessed area or any part of the manifold system (piping, vaporiser, etc., whichever is higher) and the bottom of the windows or openings.

      7. LPG cylinders shall be located at least 5m horizontally from any mechanical air intake which is below any part of the manifold system and 1.5m from any mechanical intake which is above any part of the manifold system.

   3. Allowable quantity

      1. A maximum of 400kg of LPG is allowed to be installed using a single manifold system inside the recessed area. The quantity of cylinder is restricted to 8, regardless of the capacity of each cylinder (e.g., 2 groups of 4 x 50kg cylinders or 2 groups of 4 x 15kg cylinders).

      2. The space or compartment where the pipework and ancillary fittings are installed shall be sprinkler-protected (except for the recessed area). If not, the LPG quantity shall be halved (200kg).

      3. For commercial premises, the maximum number of LPG manifold system shall not exceed two per building.

   4. Safety

      Any pipe penetration on the walls of the recess area shall be suitably fire-stopped to maintain the 2-hr fire resistance rating of the walls.

   5. Ventilation

      Permanent unobstructed high and low ventilation openings, not less than 300cm²/m² of recess floor area, shall be provided for venting the recess space to the external of the building.

   

1. Gas leak detection system shall be provided within area, room or compartment involving LPG piping system, regardless whether the mentioned spaces are naturally ventilated, mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned. The gas leak detection system shall, upon detection, automatically shut off gas supply and sound the alarm (see Cl.A2.3 of Annex 10.1A on Gas Leak Detection).

2. A fail-safe central solenoid isolation valve interlocked with the gas leak detection system shall be installed at the main pipe immediately outside the metal cabinet.

3. All flexible pigtail tubings shall be of heavy duty type, UL listed and integrated with one-way check valve.

4. If vapour manifold is installed for temporary use when vaporiser is under repair or replacement, its design shall adhere to the similar design criteria for liquid line.

5. The LPG installation (i.e. including all pipings, manifold system, devices/ equipment such as vaporiser and pressure release valves etc.) shall be separated with 2-hr fire-rated masonry wall from other area and all shop units.

6. The installation shall be protected with 2-hrs fire-rated roof cover if there is any other equipment such as air-condition condensing unit etc. installed above it.

7. All electrical fittings shall comply with IEC 60079, including Parts 10, 14 and 17, i.e., electrical installations in hazardous areas.

8. Hose reel coverage shall be provided.

9. The LPG installation shall be within 45m range from fire engine access road and fire hydrant is within 50m range from the fire engine access road.

10. Where LPG installation is located within a back-lane, public street or service road, it shall be accessible to firefighters from both ends of the back-lane, public street or service road.

1. The separation distances stipulated under Cl.10.1.3a.(2),  Cl.10.1.3a.(3) and Cl.10.1.3a.(8) can be reduced as follows provided all the conditions stipulated under are fulfilled:

   1. at least 1.5m separation between LPG installation and the common boundary lines of the two abutting shop units;

   2. at least 3m separation between LPG installation and the opposite property;

   3. at least 1.5m separation between LPG installation compartment and the exit, if this exit is the only exit for the shop unit; and

   4. at least 1.5m separation between LPG installation and the final discharge of exit staircase, if this staircase is the only exit staircase serving upper or basement levels.

2. Conditions for reduced separation distances between LPG installation and boundaries

   1. The LPG storage shall be fully protected with masonry wall including 2-hrs fire-rated roof cover; access door shall also be 1-hr fire-rated with low level air gap of 75mm for ventilation purpose; the masonry wall facing abutting shop unit shall be extended at least 300mm higher than the entire LPG installation.

   2. In addition to Cl.10.1.5a., gas leak detector(s) shall be provided at the LPG installation that shall upon detection, automatically shut off the gas supply, sound the alarm and activate the strobe light located next to the LPG storage (with “Gas Leak” indication beside the strobe light).

   3. The minimum alarm sounding duration shall be 3 mins and the strobe light (blue) shall flash continuously.

   4. Red background signage with white lettering of 50mm in size with the following details shall be placed at the LPG storage compartment and at the emergency shut-off valve pull box.

      

   5. Emergency shut-off switch for the isolation valve shall be provided beside the emergency shut-off valve pull box.

   6. The total number of gas cylinders shall be limited to 6.

1. General

   This set of fire safety requirements shall be applicable to roof-mounted PV installations. For PV installations on the roof of PG I buildings, the requirements are stipulated in Cl.9.1.1d.

2. Means of access

   1. For access to PV installations on the roof (excluding non-PV areas), at least one exit staircase shall be provided. Where the area is large and one-way travel distance to the exit cannot be met, an additional cat ladder or ship ladder adequately separated from the exit staircase, in accordance with  Cl.2.2.11 and leading to the circulation area of the floor below shall be provided, except for the following:

      1. Single storey buildings with roof height not more than 12m or  inaccessible pitched roof up to 24m from grade level are required to provide a portable sturdy ladder or cat/ ship ladder. If there is a fire engine access road serving roof height not more than 12m or fire engine accessway serving inaccessible pitched roof exceeding 12m and up to 24m is provided, access to PV installation is not required. 

      2. External/ open-sided overhead bridge/ shed/  linkway/ walkway with clear width not more than 6m, roof height not more than 12m and without any commercial activities.

   2. For buildings where plans submission on the installation of PVs on the roof level was made on or before 16 June 2016, the provision of single exit staircase is not required. Instead, a cat/ship ladder to provide access to the roof shall be provided.

   3. The computation of travel distance for roof areas which are open to the sky for any purpose group can be based on the requirement for sprinkler-protected compartments/buildings.

   4. All access hatches, if provided, shall be readily accessible from the roof. The access hatch opening shall have a minimum clear width of 1m in diameter.

3. Fire performance of PV modules

   1. PV modules shall meet a minimum of Class C for both spread of flame and burning brand tests, in accordance with IEC 61730-2.

   2. System components associated with the PV modules, such as wirings and switchboard assemblies, shall comply with the installation requirements as stipulated in SS 638.

4. Design and installation criteria

   1. Each array of a PV installation shall not exceed the maximum dimensions of 60m x 40m.

   2. A clearance of 3m around the access/ hatch opening and exit doors shall be provided.

   3. Access aisles of minimum clear width of 1.5m shall be provided such that no part of any PV array is more than 20m from any of them. Where the access aisle abuts the edge of the roof, the clear width of the access aisle shall be at least 2.5m unless a perimeter parapet/railing is provided to prevent fall from height by the authority having jurisdiction.

   4. Storages or services located below PV arrays excluding those stated under Cl.10.2.1b.(1)(b), shall be separated from the PV arrays as follows:

      1. For sprinkler-protected space below arrays, a non-combustible separation shall be provided. 

      2. For sprinkler-protected space below arrays, if the PV modules comply with Cl.10.2.2b., no separation is required.

      3. For non-sprinkler-protected space below arrays, a 1-hr fire-rated separation shall be provided.

      4. For non-sprinkler-protected space below arrays, if the PV modules comply with Cl.10.2.2b., a non-combustible separation shall be provided.

   5. PV modules, wirings, switchboard assemblies and other equipment shall not cover any ventilation system on the roof (e.g., smoke control/ extraction systems or air well).

      (See Diagram 10.2.1.d.)

   

5. Emergency disconnection

   1. Manual emergency shut-off system for the disconnection of the PV modules shall be provided on both the AC-power side (typically where inverters are placed) and the switch room side.

   2. Operating instructions for the emergency shut off system shall be placed at a height of between 1.5m to 2m from the finished floor level and clearly displayed near to the emergency shut-off system.

   3. Simplified site plan with the position of PV modules and system circuit diagrams shall be placed at a height of between 1.5m to 2m from the finished floor level and displayed close to the access openings or the exit staircase from the roof.

1. General

   This set of fire safety requirements shall be applicable to wall-mounted PV installations.

2. Fire performance of PV modules

   1. PV modules shall comply with all of the following requirements:

      1. the outer layers shall be constructed of glass or non-combustible material;

      2. a minimum of Class B with Fire Growth Rate (FIGRA) ≤ 70 W/s under EN 13501-1;

      3. a minimum of Class A for both spread of flame and burning brand for Module Safety Tests (MST) 23 (fire test), in accordance with IEC 61730-2;

      4. at least a pass for MST 22 (hot spot endurance test), MST 25 (bypass diode thermal test) and MST 26 (reverse current overload test), in accordance with IEC 61730-2;

      5. Junction boxes shall comply with IEC 61730-1 for glow wire test and achieve flammability class V-1 for outer accessible parts, flammability class HB for inner parts, flammability class 5V on the end-product and the result is assessed in accordance with flammability class 5VB; and

      6. Cables used shall comply with IEC 61730-1 for vertical flame propagation.

   2. System components associated with the PV modules, such as wirings and switchboard assemblies, shall comply with the installation requirements as stipulated in SS 638.

3. Design and installation criteria

   1. PV installations shall comply with all of the following:

      1. PV installations shall be mounted on external walls of at least 1-hr fire resistance.

      2. PV installations shall be installed at least 5m vertically above grade level. Alternatively, PV installations can be installed 3m above grade level, if a 1-hr fire-rated horizontal projection that extends at least 600mm from the building is installed beneath the PV installation.

      3. PV installations shall be installed away from any unprotected openings, or combustible material/ construction within 1.5m horizontally or within 3m vertically, or adjacent to or facing it. Alternatively, the 3m vertical separation can be exempted if a 1-hr fire-rated horizontal projection that extends at least 600mm from the building is installed between the PV installation and the unprotected opening.

      4. PV installations located adjacent to exit staircases shall comply with Cl.2.3.3a.(3) or Cl.2.3.3b.(2)(b).

      5. Only components (i.e., cables, junction box, etc.) serving the PV installations are allowed to be run between the PV modules and the external wall.

      6. All cables and related components shall be housed in a non-combustible conduit. The positive and negative DC cables shall be installed in separate containments.

4. Emergency disconnection

   1. Manual emergency shut-off system for the disconnection of the PV modules shall be provided on both the AC-power side (typically where inverters are placed) and the switch room side.

   2. Operating instructions for the emergency shut-off system shall be placed at a height of between 1.5m to 2m from the finished floor level and clearly displayed near to the emergency shut-off system.

   3. A simplified site plan with the position of PV modules and system circuit diagrams shall be placed at a height between 1.5m to 2m from the finished floor level and displayed close to the switch room or FCC, if applicable.

1. General

   This set of fire safety requirements shall be applicable to wall-integrated PV installations, where PV is integrated into the building such as windows or curtain walls.

2. Fire performance of PV modules

   PV modules shall be in accordance with Cl.10.2.2b..

3. Design and installation criteria

   PV installation shall comply with the following:

   1. All spaces abutting/ facing PV installations shall be fully protected by an automatic sprinkler system or automatic fire extinguishing system, unless they comply with all of the following conditions:

      1. the building does not exceed 12m in habitable height;

      2. the building is protected by an automatic fire alarm system compliant with SS 645; and

      3. the building does not contain healthcare occupancy (inpatient).

   2. PV installation located adjacent to exit staircases shall comply with the Cl.2.3.3a.(3) or Cl.2.3.3b.(2)(b).

   3. All cables and related components shall be housed in a non-combustible conduit. The positive and negative DC cables shall be installed in separate containments.

   4. The opening occurring at the junction between the edge of a structural floor and the wall-integrated PV shall be sealed to prevent the spread of smoke and flame from the lower floor to the upper floor via the opening. Fire stopping materials for sealing the openings shall have the same fire resistance rating as the elements of structure.

4. Emergency disconnection

   Emergency disconnection of the PV modules, it shall be in accordance with Cl.10.2.2d..

Energy Storage System (ESS) refers to one or more devices, assembled together, capable of storing energy in order to supply electrical energy.

1. This set of fire safety requirements applies to ESS which supply electrical energy at a future time to the local power loads, to the utility grid, or for grid support. It shall apply to ESS installations where the total stored energy exceeds the Threshold Stored Energy listed in Table 10.3.1 below.

2. All Energy Storage System installations shall be located at the same storey as the fire engine accessway/ fire engine access road.

3. The allowable Maximum Stored Energy for the various battery technologies in each compartment shall be as listed in Table 10.3.1.

ESS installation on construction sites shall be located outdoors and comply with all the following requirements:

1. Cl.10.3.1c. on compartmentation shall be applicable; 

2. All ESS installations shall be located at the ground level and sited close to the boundary line adjacent to any public road or any internal driveway that is accessible by firefighting appliances. If the ESS is sited more than 100m away from the public road, a private hydrant shall be provided; 

3. ESS installation shall be protected and locked against tampering and accidental damage by non-combustible fencing of height not less than 1.8m; 

4. Setback distance of 3m measured between the ESS installation and the fencing shall be provided. No combustible items shall be located within this 3m separation space;

5. Approved types of fire extinguishers of at least 2 numbers of 55A shall be provided;  

6. An approved fire extinguishing system effective against ESS fire, shall be provided; and

7. Ventilation requirement for ESS installation shall be in accordance with Cl.7.1.15.

Basement ESS installation shall be subdivided into two categories as follows:

1. Category 1: Small underground ESS installation having the following requirements:

   1. Cl.10.3.1a. on capacity shall not be applicable.

   2. Cl.10.3.1b. on location shall not be applicable. ESS units is permitted to be located in basement not exceeding a depth of 9m below the fire engine accessway/ fire engine access road level.

   3. The requirements of compartmentation shall apply to any room that is designated as a battery room or of Threshold Stored Energy exceeding the limits stated in Cl.10.3.1d..

   4. Each compartmented ESS room shall not exceed 25m².

   5. Maximum Stored Energy in Table 10.3.1 shall not be applicable. Instead, the following shall apply:

      1. Batteries forming an ESS unit of up to 50kWh is permitted. 

      2. Aggregate maximum stored energy of 250kWh comprising multiple ESS units within a single compartment room is permitted provided each ESS unit is spaced a minimum of 1m apart from each other, 1m from walls within the compartmented room and other fire hazards. Where the stored energy capacity or separation distance of the unit exceed the limit, it shall be subjected to the fire and explosion testing specified under UL 9540A and together with the NFPA 855 Hazard Mitigation Analysis report to be submitted to SCDF for approval.

      3. Aggregate maximum stored energy of 500kWh comprising multiple compartment rooms is permitted.

   6. Fire protection system

      1. Each compartmented ESS room shall be protected by a sprinkler system classified under high hazard occupancy with a minimum discharge density of 12.2mm/min and areas of operation of 230m² in accordance with the SS CP 52.

      2. All ESS units shall be housed in open rack under direct and full coverage of sprinklers.

      3. Each compartmented ESS room shall be provided with smoke detectors in accordance with SS 645 and smoke purging system shall be activated upon detections. 

   7. A dedicated flammable gas detection system shall be provided for each compartmented ESS room to continuously monitor the flammable gases concentration and upon activation of the ventilation system, to limit the maximum concentration of the flammable gases to below 25% lower explosion limit (LEL) within the compartmented ESS room. Smoke purging system shall be activated upon detection.

   8. A display panel  showing the location, temperature and flammable gases reading status of the affected ESS unit shall be located at the main entrance of each compartmented ESS room. It shall be connected to the SCDF Operations Centre through an approved alarm monitoring company. Thermocouple reading for each compartmented ESS room shall be provided as a means for firefighters to identify if the fire has been effectively extinguished. No point in the compartmented ESS room shall exceed 10m from a thermocouple. 

   9. CCTV cameras with thermal imaging capabilities and full coverage of the entire compartmented ESS room shall be installed to facilitate situational awareness for the authorised personnel overseeing the situation. It shall be connected to the SCDF Operations Centre through an approved alarm monitoring company. Alarm signals and live video images of fire and/ or smoke captured shall be transmitted to the approved alarm monitoring company upon activation of the building fire alarm system.

   10. Pressure relief provision

       Each compartmented ESS room shall be designed with pressure relief vent to avoid any excessive built-up of pressure due to the spontaneous ignition of combustible gases. Either one of the following shall be provided:

       1. Explosion prevention systems designed, installed, operated, maintained, and tested in accordance with NFPA 69.

       2. Deflagration venting installed and maintained in accordance with NFPA 68.

   11. Smoke purging system
       The smoke purging system to be provided for the compartmented ESS room shall be in accordance with Cl.7.4.3. 

   12. Battery management system

       Battery management system (BMS) shall be provided for monitoring operating conditions and maintaining voltages, currents, and temperatures within the manufacturer's specifications. The BMS shall remotely isolate the ESS or affected components of the ESS or place the system in a safe condition if potentially hazardous conditions are detected. BMS shall be evaluated for functional safety performance according to relevant internationally recognized standards such as UL 1973 or equivalent standards approved by the SCDF.

   13. Emergency main isolation switch

       1. A clearly identified and easily accessible switch or circuit breaker (main isolation shut-off switch) shall be provided to cut-off the power supply of individual ESS unit.

       2. An emergency main isolation shut-off switch shall be provided outside the entrance of the compartmented ESS room, to cut-off power supply of all the ESS units of the affected compartmented ESS room.

   14. Firefighting access
       To facilitate the deployment of unmanned firefighting equipment, exit staircase with at least 1.2m clear width and located within 10m measured from the nearest edge of the compartmented ESS room exit access door to the exit staircase door shall be provided. For any change of direction along the access path from the exit staircase to the compartmented ESS room, directional signages shall be provided with a letter height of at least 50mm.

2. Category 2: Large underground ESS installation shall be in accordance with Cl.10.3.3a. unless otherwise stated below: 

   1. Premises with public accommodation purpose shall not be sited above ESS premises. Premises with ESS installation shall be segregated from other usage. For any routes linking to the ESS installation shall be through:

      1. an external corridor complying with Cl.2.3.10, or

      2. a protected lobby separated from the adjoining areas of the building by a wall and door of at least 1-hr fire resistance rating. The protected lobby shall have a minimum size of 4m (length) x 2m (width) and ventilated in accordance with Cl.2.2.13b.(7)(a) or (b).

   2. For ESS unit with stored energy capacity exceeding 50kWh, it shall be housed within a 2-hr fire-rated containerised compartment except the deflagration opening(s) located at least 2m above finished floor level. 

   3. Containerised ESS units shall be housed within a compartmented ESS room with a minimum 2-hr fire resistance rating and area not exceeding 100m².

   4. Aggregate maximum stored energy of 600kWh comprising multiple containerised ESS units within a single compartment room is permitted provided each containerised ESS unit is spaced a minimum of 3m apart from each other, 1m from walls within the compartmented room and other fire hazards.

   5. There shall not be more than 2 compartmented ESS rooms, unless otherwise permitted under Cl.10.3.3b.(11).

   6. Each containerised ESS unit shall be subjected to the fire and explosion testing specified under UL 9540A and together with the NFPA 855 Hazard Mitigation Analysis report to be submitted to SCDF for approval.

   7. Fire protection system

      1. Each compartmented ESS room shall be protected by a zoned wet deluge system with a minimum discharge density of 7.5mm/min and areas of operation of 230m² in accordance with the SS CP 52.

      2. Each containerised ESS unit shall be served by an independent wet deluge system with a minimum discharge density of 12.2mm/min and provided with a breeching inlet to allow direct charging of water supply to the main control valve. 

   8. Ventilation and detection system

      1. A dedicated flammable gas detection system shall be provided for each containerised ESS unit to monitor the flammable gases concentration and upon activation of the ventilation system, to limit the maximum concentration of the flammable gases to below 25% lower explosion limit (LEL) within the ESS installation. 

      2. Upon activation of flammable gas detection system, a dedicated mechanical ventilation system with air circulation of at least 9 air changes per hour or higher shall be provided for each containerised ESS unit based on the worst-case scenario specified under UL 9540A test and subjected to SCDF’s approval. 

      3. The smoke purging system to be provided for the compartmented ESS room shall be in accordance with Cl.7.4.3. 

      4. Each compartmented ESS room shall be provided with smoke detectors in accordance with SS 645 and smoke purging system shall be activated upon detection. 

   9. A display panel showing the location, temperature and flammable gases reading status of the affected containerised ESS unit shall be located at the main entrance of each compartmented ESS room. It shall be connected to the SCDF Operations Centre through an approved alarm monitoring company. Thermocouple reading for each compartmented ESS room shall be provided as a means for firefighters to identify if the fire has been effectively extinguished. No point in the compartmented ESS room shall exceed 10m from a thermocouple. 

   10. Firefighting access

       1. For compartmented ESS room, the following shall be provided:

          1. The fire lift shall be contained within a protected shaft, constructed to comply with the relevant requirements under Cl.3.8.

          2. The fire lift car specifications: 

             • Minimum clear platform size of 3m (depth) x 3m (width).

             • Minimum loading capacity of 3 tonnes.

          3. Each fire lift shall be served by a fire lift lobby with a minimum size of at least 4m (length) x 5m (width). 

          4. Corridors and door openings serving the fire lift lobby, firefighter staging lobby and compartmented ESS rooms shall be at least 3m in clear width.

          5. An access path of minimum width of 3m to every ESS unit shall be provided and the maximum distance measured from the door to the most remote ESS unit shall not exceed 8m.

          6. Firefighter staging lobby shall not serve more than 2 compartmented ESS rooms.

          7. Any entrance to the compartmented ESS room shall be served by a firefighter staging lobby and shall comply with the following requirements: 

             • at least 12m² working space and with minimum clear width of 4m.

             • fire lift lobbies in accordance with Cl.2.2.13b.(1) to (3), (5) to (6) and (7)(b).

             • installed with designated rising mains.

             • provided with two nos. of standby fire hoses.

             • provided with portable 50kg AB (foam or chemical powder) type fire extinguishers having minimum 6m throw and discharge hose length of minimum 6m shall be provided.

   11. Prior approval from the SCDF is required in situations where the number of compartmented ESS room exceeds 2, in addition to the following:

       1. Comply with the requirements in accordance with Cl.10.3.3b.(6).

       2. Provision of on-site Unmanned Firefighting Machine (UFM) within the fire lift lobby. The UFM shall comply with the following general specifications and subjected to the SCDF’s approval:

          • Minimum dimensions: 2m x 1.1m x 2m

          • Minimum weight: 1.75 tonnes

          • Design flow rate for monitor: 1800L/min

          • Monitor throw distance: up to 60m in length

          • Wireless transmission: range of up to 300m

          • Ventilation capacity: 90000m³/h

       3. A holding area of 2m x 3m for UFM shall be provided in addition to the fire lift lobby of area 20m².

1. General
   Battery Swap Station (BSS) is a facility where swappable detachable batteries of motor vehicles are available for motorists to exchange their depleted batteries.  Battery charge and swap stations are EV chargers that are used for charging and exchanging depleted swappable detachable batteries, while battery store and swap stations only contain stored detachable batteries.

2. Aboveground installations 

   1. BSS installations shall be located at the same storey as the fire engine accessway/ fire engine access road. 

   2. BSS shall be located at vehicle parking areas that are naturally ventilated in accordance with Cl.3.2.8, or provided with mechanical ventilation in accordance with Cl.6.4.5.

      Exception:

      1. BSS that abuts an external wall of building and is installed away from any unprotected openings, exits or combustible material/ construction within 1.5m horizontally or within 3m vertically, or adjacent to or facing it.

3. Underground installations

   1. BSS is allowed to be located within basement carparks protected by mechanical ventilation in accordance with Cl.6.4.5 and automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Cl.6.4.1d..

   2. The maximum allowable depth shall not exceed 9m below the average grade level, and not more than one level below grade level.

4. Aggregate stored energy capacity

   1. Aboveground installations
      Aggregate stored energy capacity of each BSS unit shall not exceed 20kWh. Where more than 1 BSS unit is installed, a minimum separation distance of 3m between BSS units shall be provided and the total aggregate stored energy capacity of all BSS units shall not exceed 100kWh.

   2. Underground installations
      Aggregate stored energy capacity of BSS within basement carparks shall not exceed 10kWh. 

5. Fire safety requirements

   1. BSS units shall be located at least 6m away from the nearest edge of exit staircase/ fire lift lobby/ smoke-free lobby.

   2. BSS units shall be located at least 1m away from:

      1. Non-essential equipment rooms; and 

      2. Parking lots (excluding the lots used for swapping of batteries).

   3. Approved types of fire extinguishers of at least 2 numbers of 55A shall be provided.

   4. Emergency isolation shut-off switch shall be provided at each BSS unit.

   5. BSS installation at petrol service stations shall comply with specifications stipulated under Cl.9.6.2v.(3).

Note: Cl.10.4 is omitted as these requirements are specified in the First Schedule of the “Electric Vehicles Charging (Electric Vehicle Chargers) Regulations 2023” https://sso.agc.gov.sg//SL/EVCA2022-S786-2023

The following standards for LPG cylinders and ancillary fittings shall be complied with:

1. Flexible hoses

   1. Hoses or flexible connectors used to supply LPG to utilization equipment or appliances shall be installed in accordance with the relevant clauses of NFPA 54 and NFPA 58. The hose shall be securely connected to the appliance. The use of rubber slip ends without hose clips shall not be permitted for domestic cylinders.

   2. Hoses shall be tested and passed the performance criteria in accordance with SS 233.

2. Regulators

   Regulators shall comply with the standards as specified in the table above.

3. Over pressure protection device

   1. An over pressure protection device is a device to protect the downstream installation and shut off the gas flow if the outlet pressure exceeds the set limit.

   2. In general, a regulator with over pressure protection device shall be designed to achieve the following:

      1. ensuring reliable and continuous supply of LPG;

      2. protecting downstream system against over pressure; and

      3. protecting against failure of any regulating device.

   3. Setting of over pressure protection device shall not be more than 30% of maximum operating pressure.

4. Valves

   1. Cylinder valves

      Cylinder valves shall comply with the standards as specified in the table above.

   2. Safety valves

      1. Hydrostatic relief valves designed to relieve the hydrostatic pressure that might develop in sections of liquid piping between two isolating valves shall be installed in each section. Hydrostatic valves shall comply with UL 132, Standard for Pressure Relief Valves for LPG.

      2. Emergency shut-off valve shall be provided after the knockout pot. The emergency shut-off valve shall be linked to a release mechanism so that the valve can be closed from a safe distance of at least 3m from the LPG cylinders. The emergency shut-off valve may incorporate fusible element which melts at not more than 250° when exposed to fire, allowing the emergency shut- off valve to close by itself.

      3. An accessible gas shutoff valve shall be provided at the upstream of each gas pressure regulator. Where two gas pressure regulators are installed in series in a single gas line, a manual valve shall not be required at the second regulator.

      4. Main gas shut-off valves controlling several gas piping systems shall be prominent and readily accessible for operation and properly installed so as to protect it from physical damage. They shall be marked with a metal tag or other permanent means attached by the installing agency so that the gas piping systems supplied through them can be readily identified.

      5. An exterior shut-off valve to permit turning off the gas supply to each building in an emergency shall be provided and plainly marked.

5. Piping

   1. Pipe design and specifications shall be in accordance with the relevant clauses in NFPA 54 and NFPA 58. No polyethylene material is allowed to be used for the piping system except for necessary industrial applications.

   2. Pipe material shall be tested and certified according to recognised ASTM or British Standard. The pipe supplier shall produce Mill certificates.

   3. The manifold and main LPG supply pipeline shall be welded together as far as practicable. Welders for the piping work must be qualified and certified by a recognised body.

   4. Pipelines pressure test shall be witnessed and certified by a Professional Engineer (Mechanical).

   5. The liquid LPG pipelines shall be painted in “Blue” and the vapour LPG pipelines in “Yellow” with the marking of the word “LP-Gas” at intervals of not more than 3m.

   6. When connecting additional gas utilisation equipment to a gas piping system, the existing piping shall be checked to determine if it has adequate capacity. If inadequate, the existing system shall be enlarged as required, or separate gas equipment of adequate capacity shall be provided.

6. Pigtail

   1. Pigtail shall include a 6mm flexible hose or tube, a 6mm tee-check valve or excess flow valve and a 6mm ball valve.

   2. Flexible hose shall be fabricated of materials resistant to LPG reaction both in liquid and vapour state. It shall be designed for a minimum bursting pressure of 1750 psi (121 bar) and working pressure of 350 psi (24 bar). The hose shall be marked “LPG” at intervals of not more than 3m.

   3. The tee-check valve shall be Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) listed or it shall comply with other recognised/ approved standard.

   4. The ball valve shall be rated to at least 600 psi (41 bar).

7. Pressure gauge

   1. Each bank of LPG cylinder manifold shall have a pressure gauge.

   2. For high-pressure section, the gauge shall have a range of 0 to 300 psi (0 to 20.1 bar)

   3. For low-pressure section, the gauge shall have a range of 0 to 50 psi (0 to 3.45 bar)

8. Vaporiser

   1. Vaporisers, where applicable, shall be constructed in accordance with the applicable provision of NFPA 58, ASME Code or other recognised pressure vessel Codes and Standards for a design pressure of 250 psi (17.24 bar) and shall be permanently and legibly marked with:

      1. markings required by the Code;

      2. the allowable working pressure and temperature for which it is designed; and

      3. the name or symbol of the manufacturer.

   2. Vaporisers shall be provided with a suitable automatic means to prevent the passage of liquid through the vaporiser to the vapour discharge piping. This feature shall be permitted to be integrated with the vaporiser or otherwise provided in the external piping.

   3. Vaporisers shall have a manual shut-off valve and an automated valve (e.g., thermostatic, magnetic or float) which closes in the event of power failure or overload.

   4. Vaporisers shall have relevant temperature control and the necessary safety features.

   5. Vaporisers shall have a pressure relief valve set at 250 psi (17.24 bar) with the release point directed upward.

9. Knock-out pot

   The knockout pot shall have at least two drain valves. The drain shall end at ground level and plugged at the end.

10. Gas meters

    1. Installation and application of gas meters shall be in accordance with the relevant clauses in NFPA 54 and shall be able to take a pressure of 20 psi (1 psi = 6.895 kPa).

    2. Gas meters shall be selected for the maximum expected pressure and permissible pressure drop.

    3. Vapour meters of the tin or brass case type of soldered construction shall not be used at pressure in excess of 1 psi (7 kPa).

    4. Vapour meters of the die cast or iron case type shall be permitted to be used at any pressure equal to or less than the working pressure for which they are designed and marked.

    5. Gas meters shall be located in ventilated spaces readily accessible for examination, reading, replacement or necessary maintenance.

    6. Gas meters shall not be placed where they will be subjected to damage, such as adjacent to a driveway, under a fire escape, in public passages, halls or where they will be subjected to excessive corrosion or vibration.

    7. Gas meters shall be located at least 1m from sources of ignition.

    8. Gas meters shall not be located where they will be subjected to extreme temperatures or sudden extreme changes in temperature. Meters shall not be located in areas where they are subjected to temperatures beyond those recommended by the manufacturer.

    9. Gas meters shall be supported or connected to rigid piping so as not to exert a strain on the meters.

    10. Gas meters shall be protected against over pressure, back pressure, and vacuum, where such conditions are anticipated.

11. Strainers

    Strainers shall be designed to minimise the possibility of particulate materials clogging lines and damaging meters or regulators. The strainer element shall be accessible for cleaning.

1. Electrical circuits shall not utilise gas piping or components as conductors.

2. All electrical connections between wiring and electrically operated control devices in a piping system shall conform to the requirements of SS 254.

3. Any essential safety control (in the vaporiser) depending on electrical current as the operating medium shall be of a type that will shut off (fail safe) the flow of gas in the event of current failure.

1. Gas leak detectors shall be connected to a localised alert alarm, emergency shut- off valve as well as the kitchen exhaust systems. The gas supply safety shut-off valve system shall also be interlocking with the kitchen automatic fire suppression system. See diagram below.

   

2. LPG pipe installation shall not be permitted in the following areas:

   1. in the ground under concrete flooring within building;

   2. under building under building foundations;

   3. within lift shafts and cavity walls;

   4. in compartments or ducts dedicated for electrical switchgears, transformers or air-conditioning ducts;

   5. in refrigeration chambers, coldrooms, air handling rooms and ventilation or other hazardous materials;

   6. adjacent to pipes and vessels containing flammable, oxidizing, corrosive and other hazardous materials; and

   7. in fire lift lobby, FCC, smoke-free lobbies, fire pump rooms, firefighting water tank rooms, sprinkler control valve rooms, riser ducts, areas of refuge, protected corridors, exit staircases, bedrooms and other occupied area, etc.

3. Proper metal pipe sleeve shall be installed for the gas pipes running in enclosed non-ventilated areas or basement floor, and at least one end exposed directly to the exterior open safe space (it can be used to facilitate the gas leak detection system).

4. Gas pipe running vertically shall be enclosed within a protected riser shaft and be fully fire separated from other M&E risers. Ventilation opening shall be provided for such gas riser.

1. Eating outlet

   “Eating outlet” refers to shop unit/ units operated as food outlet, food court, eating place, restaurant, hawker centre or coffee shop.

2. Food stall

   “Food stall” refers to stall operated by independent operator within an eating outlet.

All eating outlets shall not use or store LPG cylinders within building unless all of the following conditions are fulfilled:

1. The eating outlet is located on or above ground level.

2. The eating outlet is naturally ventilated.

1. The maximum allowable quantity of LPG shall be limited to 2 x 15kg cylinders (including standby cylinder) per food stall.

2. The total capacity for each eating outlet shall not be more than 200kg.

B4.1 Compartmentation

1. The eating outlet shall be separated by fire-resistant walls (1-hr fire resisting rating for sprinkler-protected building and 2-hr for non-sprinkler-protected building) from other areas.

2. Stalls within food court or coffee shop shall be separated from each other with 1-hr fire-resisting side-walls.

B4.2 Connection of LPG cylinders

Each cylinder shall be connected to cooking hob/stove with flexible hose. The LPG cylinders shall not be connected together with manifold system.

B4.3 LPG cabinet

1. LPG cylinders shall be housed in a 2.5mm thick steel cabinet. There shall be not more than 2 x 15kg cylinders in each cabinet.

2. The cabinet shall be placed directly on a firm floor.

3. The cabinet shall be adequately ventilated with openings at the bottom of the cabinet.

4. The cabinet shall always be kept free of any combustible materials.

B4.4 Gas leak detection system

1. Gas-leak detection system (see Cl.A2.3 of Annex 10.1A) shall be provided (be supplied directly from the building electrical power supply). The system shall be linked to shut off the LPG supply automatically and activate local alert alarm. The gas-leak detector shall be located at low level and near to the possible leak areas such as the connecting hoses, LPG cylinder cabinets, etc.

2. If kitchen automatic fire suppression system is provided, it shall also be linked to shut off the LPG supply automatically.